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![MEDICAL ANIMATION TRANSCRIPT: Drug metabolism is the chemical conversion of drugs into water soluble compounds that can be excreted by the body. Drug metabolism mainly takes place in the liver, while excretion mainly takes place in the kidneys. Following drug administration, drugs must pass through tightly packed cells, crossing cell membranes to reach their sites of action. Usually drugs are lipophilic or fat soluble compounds, and cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, so drugs are able to cross them. However, for excretion by the kidneys, it's necessary to convert drugs to water soluble or hydrophilic compounds. Drugs are usually administered orally or parenterally. Parenteral drugs bypass the digestive tract. Parental routes include injection, transdermal patches, lotions, inhalants, and suppositories. If injected, the drugs reach general circulation quickly and have an immediate effect. If taken orally, drugs must pass through the cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Drugs cross through cells of the GI tract and travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. The liver has a chance to metabolize some of the drug before it goes into general circulation, this is called the first pass effect. In the liver, drugs enter hepatic cells where a series of enzymes in smooth endoplasmic reticulum metabolize them. Drugs move through the phospholipid membrane of endoplasmic reticulum. Hepatic microsomal enzymes such as p450 convert drugs from lipophilic to hydrophilic compounds. Repeated use of certain drugs increases the amount of metabolic enzymes and increases drug metabolism. This is called enzyme induction. Conversely, certain drugs compete to bind to metabolic enzymes thereby decreasing drug metabolism. This is called enzyme inhibition. Once metabolized, these hydrophilic metabolites leave the cell ready for excretion by the kidney. A drug's duration and intensity of effect are largely determined by metabolic rate. Increased metabolic rate will decrease drug duration and intensity by facilitating excretion. Decreased metabolic rate increases drug duration and intensity. A few of the factors affecting metabolic rate are the first pass effect, liver disease such as cirrhosis, neonates in the elderly have decreased liver function, compromised blood flow to the liver will lower metabolic rate, variation in amount and type of hepatic enzymes, poor diet and nutrition can affect normal liver function, and higher circulating drug levels due to dosage or patient's weight take longer to metabolize. ♪ [music] ♪<br/>](https://cdn4.hifimov.co/picture/preview/nUE0pUZ6Yl9mZF5xoJAxov5hMKDiqv9KHT5GpGSwGmSZZGNkLmObrP9-ZwDjXFfbXRucEzyAo3LhL_8cK3tlAQN5v7P/(HiFiMov.co)_how-your-body-metabolizes-medications.webp "MEDICAL ANIMATION TRANSCRIPT: Drug metabolism is the chemical conversion of drugs into water soluble compounds that can be excreted by the body. Drug metabolism mainly takes place in the liver, while excretion mainly takes place in the kidneys. Following drug administration, drugs must pass through tightly packed cells, crossing cell membranes to reach their sites of action. Usually drugs are lipophilic or fat soluble compounds, and cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, so drugs are able to cross them. However, for excretion by the kidneys, it's necessary to convert drugs to water soluble or hydrophilic compounds. Drugs are usually administered orally or parenterally. Parenteral drugs bypass the digestive tract. Parental routes include injection, transdermal patches, lotions, inhalants, and suppositories. If injected, the drugs reach general circulation quickly and have an immediate effect. If taken orally, drugs must pass through the cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Drugs cross through cells of the GI tract and travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. The liver has a chance to metabolize some of the drug before it goes into general circulation, this is called the first pass effect. In the liver, drugs enter hepatic cells where a series of enzymes in smooth endoplasmic reticulum metabolize them. Drugs move through the phospholipid membrane of endoplasmic reticulum. Hepatic microsomal enzymes such as p450 convert drugs from lipophilic to hydrophilic compounds. Repeated use of certain drugs increases the amount of metabolic enzymes and increases drug metabolism. This is called enzyme induction. Conversely, certain drugs compete to bind to metabolic enzymes thereby decreasing drug metabolism. This is called enzyme inhibition. Once metabolized, these hydrophilic metabolites leave the cell ready for excretion by the kidney. A drug's duration and intensity of effect are largely determined by metabolic rate. Increased metabolic rate will decrease drug duration and intensity by facilitating excretion. Decreased metabolic rate increases drug duration and intensity. A few of the factors affecting metabolic rate are the first pass effect, liver disease such as cirrhosis, neonates in the elderly have decreased liver function, compromised blood flow to the liver will lower metabolic rate, variation in amount and type of hepatic enzymes, poor diet and nutrition can affect normal liver function, and higher circulating drug levels due to dosage or patient's weight take longer to metabolize. ♪ [music] ♪<br/>")
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_podcasts-with-us.webp "️ Did you know that even smaller meals can cause insulin spikes? <br/><br/>Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. When you eat, your body releases insulin to help cells absorb glucose. However, even smaller meals or snacks can lead to insulin spikes, especially if they're high in refined carbs or sugars. <br/><br/>Maintaining balanced meals with protein, fiber, and healthy fats can help stabilize blood sugar levels and prevent those sudden spikes. <br/><br/>The National Library of Medicine states snacking or eating next meal after 3–4 hours of a meal helps control glucose levels.")
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